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Modern cows evolved from the aurochs, huge wild cattle that once roamed Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Humans began domesticating them roughly 10,000 years ago, mainly for meat, milk, hides, and labour. Over generations, calmer animals that tolerated people were more likely to be kept and bred, so cattle gradually became smaller, more manageable, and less interested in turning every farm visit into a boss battle. Humans then selectively bred cows for specific traits: dairy breeds such as Holsteins produce large amounts of milk, while beef breeds such as Angus were developed for muscle growth and meat quality. Breeders also selected for coat colour, horn size, disease resistance, fertility, and temperament, meaning today’s cows are less a single natural design and more thousands of years of humans repeatedly saying, “That one’s useful. Let’s make more of it.”